I've just been listening to great music my whole life, and since I started getting serious about music I just paid closer attention to detail to the recordings I was listening to. I transcribed a lot of material and built up a huge vocabulary of information over the years, and now I can draw upon hat information naturally in just the same way you draw upon your language skills to have a conversation.
I have a bunch of video lessons up on that very subject at my lessons site here:
Video Bass Lessons with Janek Gwizdala*|*Not just bass lessons, but tools for your musical life
Thanks,
Janek