Hi,
I have never seen an upright in my life but I played bass guitar.
My first class starts 05. September and I will start learning upright in a musical school, but i don't understand why don't bassist use their 3 finger?
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Try to play F F# G G# on the E string with all four fingers. It is really hard. Some do (did)..e.g Niels Henning. The ring finger is weak an most players find it more usefull to not use it on the lower positions. I think there is one index, ring, pinky school as well.
In the lower positions of the neck on double bass, the notes are
quite far apart, compared with a bass guitar. The average hand is able to comfortably span the distance equivalent to 3 frets on electric.
So: 4 fingers, covering 3 "frets"; one finger needs to be left out. Ring finger won the contest.
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Using all four fingers in the left hand is rare, but does happen as was pointed out in one of the other posts. Another reason that people don't is the strain on the hand from stretching out the fingers so far apart in the lower positions. Most people that are four finger players rotate or pivot on the thumb (as in the Rabbath 3 finger technique) so the wide stretching of the tendons does not happen.
Additionally, Neils Henning Orsted Pederson used the ring finger on his right hand as part of a three finger technique to pluck the bass. He was one of the greatest ever so it shows that there are many ways to play the bass.
The main thing is to play ergonomically so you can have a long career. It is a challenge to be able to press flesh into metal, gut, and wood for a lifetime.
Coming from bass guitar myself, I wondered this same thing. As has been pointed out previously, the stretch in lower positions is one reason. What brought it home for me was learning thumb position. The spacing in lower positions doesn't easily facilitate use of the ring finger (due to the stretch). In thumb position, the ring finger is used because the pinky is not used because of the positon of the hand. Three fingers are used in both lower and upper positions. Using the thumb as the open string - use the same fingering as in lower positions, substituting the ring for the pinky.
Why don't upright players use the ring finger? 
