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1. Chords involve multiple notes being played at the same time
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Yes, like when you play multiple notes on a piano or guitar at once, or even, on a bass. Guys do it.
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2. Arpeggios use chord tones and are played one note at a time.
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Yes, but that is a pretty generic term, but yes, it means played one at a time, but it can be in any order.
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3. Chords do not have a specific order.
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Welllll, they don't have an order that you have to play the notes in, but you can make one kind of chord such as say, C Major, a LOT of different ways, called voicings. You can arrange the notes in different ways from lowest to highest, and still play them all at once, but they can have different notes in different places in the chord.
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4. Arpeggios are played lowest-to-highest or the other way around.
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Not always, Arpeggio is a somewhat generic term, and while some ways of organizing the notes have names (root position, first inversion etc, just like chords) at least in rock/jazz/funk it means "playing the notes of the chord one at a time in any order".
For any 4 note chord there are 24 different ways you can play the notes of that chord, and each one could be it's own arpeggio, but not all 24 have names, they are just the notes played in different orders is all. But since they are just chord notes, they are arpeggios if you play them all.
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1. Most of the time, when people refer to chords for bass, the bass player is actually playing arpeggios?
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Usually yes, the piano/guitar player will play the chords and we will play the root, or other specific chord tones of whatever chord they are playing, we just play them one at a time usually in some kind of rhythm, until the next chord comes up, and then we do the same for that chord. We can play more than one note at once (Walk on the wild side) but usually we don't.
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2. Is it called "highlighting" a chord specifically because chord tones are involved but not played smultaneously?
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Don't know about this one, but usually if we hit a specific note on a chord, like say, if it is a minor chord and we are hitting the b3 and the b7 we are using those note choices to highlight that the chord has a flatted 3rd and a flatted 7th. We support the chord by picking which notes we play, and if there are special notes in a chord like a flatted 5th, if we play those it really makes it clear that this chord has that note in it instead of a regular fifth so we are highlighting that note by landing on it. Over and over and over sometimes.
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3. Is it still an arpeggio if notes are repeated? Like is 1-1-3-3-5-5 still an arpeggio, or does doubling the notes make it a chord?
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Hmm, no, its still an arpeggio, unless you are playing them all at once, even if you come up with some crazy order of notes but you are just using the chord tones and playing them one at a time, in my book anyway, its an arpeggio.
I wrote out all the possible patterns for chord tones in the books at the links below and they have all the different ways to play the major, minor, or dominant chords. Those books have all the arpeggios there are, it just works out that if you have 4 notes (C E G Bb say for C Dominant), there are 24 different ways to arrange those notes.
You can play around with the different combinations of any four notes here too:
http://bassoridiculoso.net16.net/
If you put in the notes of a E major chord (E G# B D#) it will make all 24 combinations of those notes for you.
