some general questions about scale relation to chords (mainly for soloing purposes)

I was wondering if you more theory trained indivduals could help me here. I know basic chord and scale theory. I understand that E Phyrgian is just C major played starting on an E. I also know that a C maj 7th is based on the 1,3,5, and 7th degrees of a C Ionian scale.

My question is, while playing lines, over a set chord progression. How do I know which scales can be utilized over them. Espcially such things as broken scales and diminished and augmented ones. Sorry if that question seems to broad.

Also, I was wondering how to immediatley distinquish between a Diatonic and the other kind (I know I sound like a goober not knowing all the terminology here ) type of chord progression.

 

Thanks for all the help Ed. That helps me make some sense. Resolution is a big question I have, normally due to trying to compose stuff. I've heard people talk about tritones and they are based on resolution, but they never really explained what they were.