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Pics of tubes....

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Here’s part of ENIAC. ENIAC had 17,468 tubes. Some computers used by NORAD had over 70,000 tubes.

There's some interesting Reliability information on Wikipedia about the ENIAC from the co-inventor Eckert
ENIAC - Wikipedia

Useful info actually.
Avoid thermal shock, leave the thing on standby (must have had huge fans)
They could troubleshoot in 15 minutes. (imagine the tube cart)
They once achieved 116 hours of operation without failure (for that many tubes the above worked wonders)
They actually used some audio tubes as line drivers
 
There's some interesting Reliability information on Wikipedia about the ENIAC from the co-inventor Eckert
ENIAC - Wikipedia

Useful info actually.
Avoid thermal shock, leave the thing on standby (must have had huge fans)
They could troubleshoot in 15 minutes. (imagine the tube cart)
They once achieved 116 hours of operation without failure (for that many tubes the above worked wonders)
They actually used some audio tubes as line drivers

IIRC they had air conditioning. Here's the book, it's not available for Kindles but I bought a paperback.


Eniac: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer

https://www.amazon.com/Eniac-Triumphs-Tragedies-Worlds-Computer/dp/0802713483

Here's another really cool book, it's about the analog phone hackers who could dial anywhere free by imitating the tones of the equipment along with other methods, one guy could whistle the tones. This one is available for Kindles.

Exploding the Phone: The Untold Story of the Teenagers and Outlaws who Hacked Ma Bell

https://www.amazon.com/Exploding-Phone-Untold-Teenagers-Outlaws-ebook/dp/B009SAV5W0
 
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IMG_8192.jpg
 
View attachment 3633199

Here’s part of ENIAC. ENIAC had 17,468 tubes. Some computers used by NORAD had over 70,000 tubes.

The NORAD machines were part of the SAGE continental air defense system. A truly fascinating Cold War system. The computer itself was called the AN/FSQ-7 and was awesome. Long before the internet was invented, they had modems connecting all these computers together across North America, exchanging radar and other data, processing the radar returns of air traffic, tracking possible Soviet bomber raids, controlled surface-to-air missiles, and had data links between the computers and the F-106 jet interceptors, which also had vacuum tube computers and radar to intercept incoming threats. All built in the 50s/early 60s. Amazing.
 
The NORAD machines were part of the SAGE continental air defense system. A truly fascinating Cold War system. The computer itself was called the AN/FSQ-7 and was awesome. Long before the internet was invented, they had modems connecting all these computers together across North America, exchanging radar and other data, processing the radar returns of air traffic, tracking possible Soviet bomber raids, controlled surface-to-air missiles, and had data links between the computers and the F-106 jet interceptors, which also had vacuum tube computers and radar to intercept incoming threats. All built in the 50s/early 60s. Amazing.

And those were probably like 40K modems, if that. Talk about picking the right notes!
 
I use tubemongerlib.com to help identify the manufacturer of NOS tubes.


There are nixie tubes that display alpha-numeric. Some people build clocks with them. I used an HP calculator that had them.

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Magic eye tubes provide visual feedback. Radios have them for tuning. I have one in a piece of test equipment.

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Some were used for VU meters



There were quite a few different types of magic eye tubes. The most popular seem to be the old 6E5 and 6U5s.
I used to use an old Leader frequency counter from the 70s that used Nixie tubes for the readout.
 
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