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So what does "punch" mean, anyway?

Unfortunately punch means a lot of different things to different people. To me, punch mostly means a bit of emphasis in the low mids, but the sound must remain tight, focused, clear, and fairly dry...so it's a bit more complicated than simply turning up the low mids.

Conversely, you can have strong lows and low mids without punch if the sound is woolly and loose :vomit:.

Punch comes from the amp and speaker, but is also very much impacted by the acoustic environment. You could have a super punchy rig, but if there is a strong diffuse reverberant field with a long decay time, it's generally not possible to produce a punchy sound over any significant distance. The lows tend to bounce around then mush together, so that the sound is essentially incoherent.

See definition of diffuse sound field and critical distance on this page: sound fields - acoustic glossary
 
And thump or thud is low mid.

To me you get thump/thud when you have low mid emphasis without enough mids and highs to give a sense of clarity and focus.

However, I can understand why someone would say punch comes more from the high mids. The tone I use when I am on the band stand is much brighter than the tone I use to practice alone. This has to do with the build up of the diffuse field and masking. Masking results from both the diffuse field and other instruments competing in the same frequency band as the bass. So if you key into the bass's mids and highs like I do, you need to turn those frequencies up on stage or you will not be able to hear them. But I think this is getting somewhat into psychoacoustics and how our perceptions change in different playing environments.
 
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