You can use pretty much whatever strings you want, but you're right to think that there are other considerations.
First, if you're going with strings that much heavier, you should be drop tuning. The neck on any stringed instrument is designed for a certain range of tension to be held by it. Go outside of this range, and you will not be happy with the result. (Or I guess you could damage the neck in extreme circumstances). You can find guides that will show approximate tension on a gauge of string at a particular tuning. D'Addario has one on their website for their strings. I would imagine that this can be used to approximate other brands.
Second, the jump up in size will require that you do work on the nut. The difference between the string sizes will most likely mean that nothing will sit in the nut correctly. Just leaving the strings sitting on top may result in nut damage. It will definitely result in damage to the playability, action, and tone of your bass.
You may want to go with a custom set if you're not tuning BEAD. This is at least my experience.