It is definitely a screw in joint for the truss rod The captured nut is a small rectangular nut that has 8-32 threads and it is under the first fret. It is hard to screw in the rod to the nut because the rod must slightly bend to act as a single action truss rod. You need to see the rod go into the nut-ergo the removed finger board.
I've thankfully never needed to do this with a truss rod, but I've certainly had to deal with more than my fair share of inaccessible bolts, and screws.
What often works is if you bring the male, and female connections (nut & bolt) together, with a small amount of pressure ; but instead of attempting to tighten the thread (righty tighty), you first loosen it (lefty loosey) backing it off until you feel / hear a click, it brings the threads into perfect alignment, and you can proceed to tighten without danger of cross-threading.
I'd certainly give that a go, before having to resort to chopping a window into the fretboard.
Also, @PapaBearBass it's a good idea to manually flex the neck into the position you want it, and then tighten the truss rod to keep it in place, rather than just crank away on the nut, expecting the truss rod to bend the neck into position.
Perhaps add a couple of washers, and try assisting the neck before tightening the truss rod.
Whilst it's most likely the case that your truss rod has become detached, and isn't actually doing anything - it's possible that you did successfully re-insert it, but over the decades the bolt has bitten into the wood, and is no longer able to keep the rod in position (which the washers should remedy).