Lot's of great options and info here:
Preamps
I used the Ampeg SVP-pro on an album a million years ago and I still love what it did to my tone (
example). Ibanez SR 800 (P/J). Way too scooped for my taste today, but that was my fault, not the preamp's. Watch the classifieds here closely, they pop up once in a while and usually go very quickly.
I got the ART Pro-channel a few years ago for my home studio and the oh the knobs! So many choices! It's a pre/compressor/EQ and the ranges are just awesome when you really look at everything you can do. There are TWO parametric mid ranges - they can actually even overlap each other for truly ridiculous options. It's really cheap considering everything you get. I wouldn't tour with it, but mounted safely in a rack at home, it should last a long time.
For live use, I'm currently using the Sansamp RPM and couldn't be happier. Fantastic tube emulation, sweepable mids, all the connectivity options you could ever want, and paired with a class D power amp (I'm using the Crown XLS 1000) I have a very tubey, kilowatt head that weighs less than 25 pounds, rack bag, cables and all.
JohnK writes about all three of these and more at the link above. All of these options are WAY below the budget you mentioned. The most expensive being the Ampeg, but I still think you can get one of those for under $500.