Mic, instrument, and line level refer to signal levels. Per the linked article mic level is about -30dBu, instrument level is about -20dBu, and line level is about +4dBu.
Line level, instrument level, mic level explained
You could also could convert the dBu levels into voltage levels.
These are general terms as hot mic level crosses into instrument level, and hot instrument level crosses into line level.
Regarding balanced versus unbalanced. Instrument cables have two conductors. One of the conductor is grounded and the other carries the signal. Instrument cables are coaxial, so the ground is wrapped around outside of conductor that carries the signal. This called a shield and it is designed to help reduce induced noise.
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Mic cables have three conductors. Two conductors carry the signal and they do not have to be referenced to ground, so they essentially float. Because the two conductors are parallel they benefit from what is called common mode rejection. Essentially if a voltage is induced in one cable, the same voltage will be induced in the other cable so it cancels out because there is not voltage differential. The third conductor is the ground. A mic cable is coaxial like an instrument cable so the grounded shield is wrapped around the two conductors that carry the signal.
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What’s the Difference Between Balanced and Unbalanced?