I'm a very new player, so I'm right there with you. If I have to deviate from the major triad or root/fifth, I'm in trouble!
I have been fiddling with speakers for years, but not specifically bass amps. I would assume that both speakers play together at the same time.
Don't be fooled into thinking that a dual 10" cabinet will be twice as loud as a single 10". That's not how it works. It takes roughly 4 times the wattage to double the sound. Wattage requirement goes up exponentially to SPL (sound pressure level). The extra woofer will give you about 4db or so more output (which is more than you think it is).
Right now, I'm squeeking around on a Fender Rumble 60W 12". It's farty and can't handle the low B at anything remotely loud. But I'm just learning, and it will be quite awhile before I have to worry about gigging.
My next big purchase will be a nice amp. Really like the Markbass and Hartke stuff. I want the best of both worlds...Earthquaking bottom end, but easily portable. A 15 would probably give me that. I'm no where near being able to slap and pop, tap, or play really melodic stuff. I'm all about the THUMP, THUMP and laying down the groove.
the size of the speaker is unrelated to what it sounds like because there are a million other factors in speaker driver design that can manipulate tones.
This statement is correct, but you can't get past physics. Bigger drivers DO physically react differently. I attended a seminar at an audio convention and watched speakers in slow motion. There is only two areas where a speaker is "stabilized" . The surround and the magnet. The magnet moves the cone, which moves the surround. It was amazing to see how much the cone of a larger speaker bends and contorts in slow motion.
As I mentioned, my knowledge comes from dealing in high end reference type home speakers. I've listened to speakers costing over $100,000 and I swear they didn't sound as good as a set costing $1,000. It all depends on what you like. One particular reference line I listened to used nothing bigger than 10" woofers. There were 12 of them total. Dear GOD, the system was amazing. I used my Requiem demo CD where the pipe organ plays an 18hz note and I thought the building was coming down. It was jaw dropping.
Here's a shot of those speakers: