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scale question

Why not just use the same scale length and move your existing gauge strings over and add a C string?

But to answer your original question... whatever the measurement is from the bridge to your 5th fret.
(more technically 17" + the distance between the 12th and 5th fret)
 
I think this depends on what gauge string you want to use and what you mean by reasonable tension. I have a 30.5 and can up-tune to an A and it is a bit stiff but still payable. Though I wouldn't want to play it that long like that. I would guess that around 22" or so is where it would probably start getting pretty sloppy. The 5th fret on my 30.5 is around 23" , on my 34 it's about 25.75". Gauge will come into play as it effects the amount of tension you need for a given note.

Rob