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Arpeggios

JTE's first response is actually the most concise answer to you question.
Malcom Amos' post above is actually incredibly dense with info, if you can parse it.

However, it sounds like you don't understand arpeggios are used because you don't understand chords.
Simply learning fingering patterns will not suffice, you have to understand whats going on musically to apply it.

there are levels of fundamental understanding needed before the fog of chords will lift.
  • learn the major scale fingering and sound
  • major scale's underlying construction (know what WWHWWWH or TTSTTTS means)
  • the 12 intervals, their sounds, and shapes on the neck

only then you can truly start looking into chords.

Try reading the Theory Basics PDF linked in my signature below for an overview of how scales and intervals lead to chords.

Your goal should be to understand this : How to harmonize the major scale.
Then you will have solid understanding of how chords function, and the other advice will make sense.