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Double Bass "Hexachord"

Steve Freides

Former Mannes College Theory Faculty
Supporting Member
Dec 11, 2007
2,576
1,508
Ridgewood, NJ
I'm hoping someone can enlighten me as to the use of the word "hexachord" in music theory.

By way of background, I'm acquainted with the term from the days of Guido D'Arezzo (sp?) but it seems now to be part of the way music theory is taught, at least in some places, at the college level, and I confess that what I find online just looks like a major scale without a 7th note.

My motives are somewhat ulterior - my oldest son is going back to music school, and this term is all over his theory assignments. He's a transfer student, so they haven't placed him at the beginning of their curriculum, hence the fact that neither he nor I seem to understand why "hexachord" is such an often-used term at his new school. It seems we're talking a lot about hexachords in places where I'd be talking about modes or scales.

Thanks in advance for your replies.

-S-
 
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In 20 years of teaching traditional music theory, I always emphasized to the students that all all numerical prefixes to the suffix “chord” should be taken at face value. So a hexachord simply means “a collection of six notes”, and that it could be any six notes, whether a whole tone scale or a chromatic scale that jumps to the octave after the 6th note. And that I often found the use of these terms to be a bit pretentious in an academic way because they sound as though they are signifying far more than they actually are.
 
I agree, hexachord can refer to any collection of six pitches. Similarly diad refers to two, trichord to three, tetrachord to four and so on. Medieval era music theory treatise authors didn't really know what a "triad" or "seventh" chord was yet (as set forth later by Jean Phillips Rameau) so these terms were used as descriptors for various collections of pitches.

Books about set theory by Allen Forte, Steven Rahn, and Joseph Straus (among many others) classify groups of various numbers of pitches as prime set classes for use in the analysis of 12-tone compositions. The hexachord gets special attention in the analysis of serial music because they are often used to "split" the 12 tone chromatic collection into two sets of six pitches that together form the full complement of 12 tones. The term "hexachordal combinatoriality" is sometimes used to describe this practice as employed by composers such as Bartok, Webern, Schoenberg etc.

There's also the use of the term in medieval era music theory treatises by musicians such as Guido d'Arezzo in which he locates the position of 1/2 steps in a six note collection between mi/fa and ti/do and uses the "Guidonian Hand" (a mnemonic tool consisting of hand signals) to aid this process. There's a wiki page that goes into a lot more detail about the hexachord here:

Hexachord - Wikipedia

or look it up in any standard dictionaries or encyclopedias of music like the Harvard, Oxford, or New Grove.

Hope this helps!
 
Just read your original post more carefully. If you taught at Mannes I'm sure I didn't say anything you probably don't already know so I'll go ahead apologize and express my ignorance of how the term is being bandied about in current music theory pedagogy. You might want to check out the current crop of recently published undergrad music theory/harmony textbooks to see what's in there regarding usage of "hexachord." What school is your son attending and what text (if they use one at all) do they require? Is he an undergrad or graduate student?
 
IMG_4265.jpg

From "Pronouncing Pocket Manual of Musical Terms" - Dr. T. Baker
 
Thank you, @Chris Fitzgerald, and thank you, @elberon.

I respectfully ask that, even if you recognize the college being talked about, please don't name it here. I respect that their theory program is different than the one I participated in, and in no way do I wish to shame, find fault with, or otherwise put down how others teach. I'm just trying to understand better myself, both for myself and in order to help my son since he went to the same school I used to teach at and therefore has the same backgroun.

Chris, I agree wholeheartedly that one ought to try to explain things as simply and in as plain language is possible. After I taught at Mannes, I taught at the local community college here, and I learned that lesson very quickly. I digress, but at the community college, I used to make it a point, on the first day of every class that I taught, to explain what was needed to pass the course and to make sure everyone in the room knew there'd be no great mysteries to be explained on the midterm and final exams. :) A subject for another conversation ...

@elberon, let's take one of the terms you mentioned, tetrachord - the only way I've ever heard it used (not that others couldn't use it another way, of course) is in reference to 1/2 of a major scale. G-A-B-C is the first tetrachord of a G major scale; D-E-F#-G is the second tetrachord. I mention the term, once, when explaining this to students, but I describe them as "two identical, in terms of the distance between the notes, halves of a major scale, with a whole step between them" or words to that effect, followed by "their official name is 'tetrachord'".

And @elberon, I just saw your second post - no apology necessary. In this instance, I quote the line the Denzel Washington character uttered in the movie, "Philadelphia":



I prefer to keep the name of my son's school out of the conversation as I don't wish to take the chance of offending anyone. Suffice it to say that my son's first college was Mannes (after I'd already stopped teaching there) and he had 4 years of theory in their Preparatory Division and 2 more years of theory in the College before he dropped out. After a brief try at a non-music school, he's changed his instrument and is returning to a different music program as a transfer student. He's been placed about mid-way through the theory courses that are required of him. Having inherited most of his father's perfect pitch, he's placed out of ear-training altogether. Note that referring to myself in the third person in the previous sentence is pretentious. :)

Which brings me to my point - I think tetrachord (again, based on my experience) has a specific meaning in the context of learning music theory. It's not just any group of 4 notes, it's half of a major scale. So _that_ is what I'm trying to figure out about how "hexachord" is being used. It seems to have some sort of specific meaning, at least at this music school, and that meaning is _not_ in reference to serial music, or at least it's not _only_ in reference to serial music. E.g., here's part of something my son was given:

 Any transposition of the ascending C major hexachord contains the six usable modes in the order Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, and Aeolian on each scale degree respectively, and their consequent major or minor triads (M, m, m, M, M, m) avoiding the “Locrian” 7 th that generates a diminished chord.

 The retrograde form of the C major hexachord creates a descending scale which can be used to understand the relative minor of C, or A minor. The exception is the tone G which must also serve as G-sharp, the Aeolian leading tone.

 This means that any transposition of a C major hexachord will have a flanking pair of relative modes at either end of the interval string, which we may now call major and minor.

 If transpositions a P4 above and below any major hexachords are created, these new hexachords will each provide 2 new relative major/minor pairs, which in turn will provide major (Ionian) and minor (Aeolian) replacements for the original mode found on each scale degree of any major hexachord.

 This is achieved by using two transposing accidentals, and three minor leading tone
accidentals.

Again, thanks in advance for everyone for their participation, and I also ask that everyone respect my request not to name the college here.

-S-
 
Yes I've heard and used the term tetrachord in relation to the building of a major scale, as in two identical disjunct hexachords (W-W-H-W) separated by a whole step. The term is much more prominently used as a four pitch prime set type(s) in books about serial composition and analysis as I mentioned above. Believe me, I'm not ambitious enough to pursue or research teaching methods at your son's school and likewise wouldn't comment positively or negatively about their teaching practices especially in a public forum like this. I also wouldn't expect that you'd identify the school or professors obviously. I'm a little curious too but not that much. Hope you figure it out. It might be part of some "new wave" of music theory pedagogy attempting to reinvent the wheel. Good luck!
 
Ok, I think I have kind of an answer for you that I don't entirely understand myself but I'll try. Look at the chart on the right of the Harvard Dictionary of Music entry about tetrachord that I attached to post #7. The derivation of the modal collection that we're familiar with now as the 7 church modes came about by the need of composers to extend hexachords past a 6 note limit to accommodate melodies that went beyond that range. Medieval theorists came up with a system that interlocked the known hexachords to extend them up to 7 pitches and more as/if needed. They utilized the hard "B natural" as well as the soft "Bb" in various contexts. The hexachords were interlocked in a process they called "mutation" that yields the complete 7 pitch modes we know today (except Locrian which was considered contrived for some reason and not part of the "real" mode club until later, likely because of the tritone). The hexachord types were divided into groups they named as D. (durum/hard), N. (naturalle), and M. (molle/soft). Study the chart and read the explanation in the article that leads up to it and you'll see how this was done.

I have my questions and confusions about the chart but it's a start. It looks like the stuff you posted from your son's class refers to this hexachodal origin of the modal collection (Ionian, Dorian etc) that we're all familiar with. In my opinion it's kind of heavy in it's presentation for college students just learning about modes and relative major and minor keys. The professor's approach looks more like what you'd have to study in a history of music theory course (or musicology course) at the graduate level as background for the origins of the modal system. Anyway I'm going back to watching football, much easier on my brain. Go Bears!
 
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Tetrachord did have a specific historical usage, but it has evolved to suit changing need. Like a vast number of words its historical roots are clear and unchanged but its modern usage has by now evolved well beyond that.

Besides its use in pitch set theory, in an ethnomusicology class we used the concept of “tetrachord” to understand the concept of Ottoman “jins” (a group of four successive pitches with an arbitrary relationship drawn from a parent of 24 successive quartertones which was then stacked with either the same or a different “jins” to form a “maquam”). And we used “trichord”, “tetrachord” and “pentachord” (as applicable) to understand the concept of Indian “mela” (scale) as an introduction to “raga” (a far more complex topic which has been described as less fixed than “mode“, but more fixed than “melody”).

Limiting the term “tetrachord” to understand “one specific aspect of Western music from a particular historical period” would leave us with a term fit only for studying our own navels. Broadening it gives us a term which is useful in understanding the wider topic of “music when not viewed through that limiter“.
 
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Tetrachord did have a specific historical usage, but it has evolved to suit changing need. Like a vast number of words its historical roots are clear and unchanged but its modern usage has by now evolved well beyond that.

Besides its use in pitch set theory, in an ethnomusicology class we used the concept of “tetrachord” to understand the concept of Ottoman “jins” (a group of four successive pitches with an arbitrary relationship drawn from a parent of 24 successive quartertones which was then stacked with either the same or a different “jins” to form a “maquam”). And we used “trichord”, “tetrachord” and “pentachord” (as applicable) to understand the concept of Indian “mela” (scale) as an introduction to “raga” (a far more complex topic which has been described as less fixed than “mode“, but more fixed than “melody”).

Limiting the term “tetrachord” to understand “one specific aspect of Western music from a particular historical period” would leave us with a term fit only for studying our own navels. Broadening it gives us a term which is useful in understanding the wider topic of “music when not viewed through that limiter“.
I agree that tetrachord can take on many meanings in different cultures and contexts. I just spoke about the two uses of the word in the Western European academic musical tradition which I’m most familiar with and that the op specifically asked about (in the context of a college music theory curriculum). I apologize for the unintended cultural bias. I was just trying to help. Back to the US Open final 5th set for me.
 
@elberon, @kerryg, thank you both.

Reading that document you sent me for the second time, I have to say that I now understand the Guidonian Hand better than I did before.

@kerryg, about 5 years ago, someone in my church choir was a college student taking a full semester course in makam - I don’t think I ever really wrapped my brain around that but your mention of it reminded me of that. The student was confused and asked for my help, since I’d been a theory teacher, but I’m afraid I wasn’t much help at all. Cool sounding stuff, though.

-S-
 
I agree that tetrachord can take on many meanings in different cultures and contexts. I just spoke about the two uses of the word in the Western European academic musical tradition which I’m most familiar with and that the op specifically asked about (in the context of a college music theory curriculum). I apologize for the unintended cultural bias. I was just trying to help. Back to the US Open final 5th set for me.

Oh heck, no problem with cultural bias - as people who have studied “music theory” in the way it is traditionally taught, we are completely stewed and dyed in it, that’s our trained frame. I’m heartened by the fact that we are increasingly willing to admit it and talk about it openly - we can’t change the past but it bodes well for the future.
 
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about 5 years ago, someone in my church choir was a college student taking a full semester course in makam - I don’t think I ever really wrapped my brain around that but your mention of it reminded me of that. The student was confused and asked for my help, since I’d been a theory teacher, but I’m afraid I wasn’t much help at all. Cool sounding stuff, though.

-S-

On the topic of the Guidonian Hand, I was refreshing my memory on these music theories worked and I ran across this connection that you might find interesting -

The other ancient text, Naradiyasiksa dated to be from the 1st century BC, discusses secular and religious music, compares the respective musical notes.[30] This is earliest known text that reverentially names each musical note to be a deity, describing it in terms of varna (colors) and other motifs such as parts of fingers, an approach that is conceptually similar to the 12th century Guidonian hand in European music.[30] The study that mathematically arranges rhythms and modes (rāga) has been called prastāra (matrix).(Khan 1996, p. 89, Quote: "(…) the Sanskrit word prastāra, … means mathematical arrangement of rhythms and modes. In the Indian system of music there are about the 500 modes and 300 different rhythms which are used in everyday music. The modes are called Ragas.")[31]
 
I'm hoping someone can enlighten me as to the use of the word "hexachord" in music theory.

By way of background, I'm acquainted with the term from the days of Guido D'Arezzo (sp?) but it seems now to be part of the way music theory is taught, at least in some places, at the college level, and I confess that what I find online just looks like a major scale without a 7th note.

My motives are somewhat ulterior - my oldest son is going back to music school, and this term is all over his theory assignments. He's a transfer student, so they haven't placed him at the beginning of their curriculum, hence the fact that neither he nor I seem to understand why "hexachord" is such an often-used term at his new school. It seems we're talking a lot about hexachords in places where I'd be talking about modes or scales.

Thanks in advance for your replies.

-S-
I've only seen something like that concept (not the name) brought up in to jazz improvisation referring to voicings derived from hexatonic scales.

Jerry Bergonzi has a volume of his improv method dedicated to hexatonics (also called triad pairs by Gary Campbell and others)

This blogger gives a short outline:

Casa Valdez Studios: Jerry Bergonzi's approach to Hexatonics

Here's a couple of paragraphs from the intro of the Bergonzi book. He never actually uses the word "hexachords" though.

BergonziHexatonicsIntro.png
 
Jerry Bergonzi has a volume of his improv method dedicated to hexatonics (also called triad pairs by Gary Campbell and others)

Here's a couple of paragraphs from the intro of the Bergonzi book. He never actually uses the word "hexachords" though.

View attachment 3982855
But the author used a wrong chord description. This is a polychord (one chord on top of the other), but the chord description is for a chord on a bass note.

Just to avoid misunderstandings.

The correct one would be
B

C
 
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