Some ideas that may help you.
It's usually better to have more power than you need, rather than not enough. The volume knob on most amps works pretty well.
Typically a smaller cab will be less efficient and have a lower power rating. This means more power is required for a given SPL. It also means the cab's max SPL is lower.
Ideally you would have an idea about how much headroom you need. Then you can use specs to help make better gear choices. Over the years I have have found that a rig rated for 124dB typically meets my needs. I can get the job done with a rig rated for 118dB, but playing with insufficient headroom is frustrating.
SPL results from how much usable power is available and how efficient your cab is.
Usable power is the lower figure between how much power the amp can produce and how much power the speaker can handle. Use the RMS power ratings.
Sensitivity tells you have how much SPL a speaker produces on-axis 1 meter from the cone with a specified signal level. We need Sensitivity expressed at 1W/1m. For example if you have
Sensitivity = 97dB 1W/1m, its means 1 Watt is applied and 97dB is measured at a distance of 1meter.
To estimate the SPL an amp cab combination is capable of use this formula:
Calculated SPL = [Log(Usable Power) x 10] + Sensitivity.
(FYI) The part in the brackets calculates the decibel difference between 1W and Usable power.
Let say we have an 8 ohm cab rated for 300W RMS with Sensitivity of 97dB 1W/1m. Let's say we have an amp that is rated 400W at 8 ohms. Usable power is only 300W, because that is all the speaker can safely use.
Calculated SPL = [Log(300) x 10] + 97 = ~121.8dB.
~121.8dB is a bit lower than my desired baseline. More power will not help, but adding a matching cab will.
If you add a matching cab connected in parallel, combined impedance is 1/2, combined power handling is 2x, and combined sensitivity is +3dB.
With two cabs:
- Power Handling = 600W
- Impedance = 4 ohms
- Sensitivity = 100dB 1W/1m
A tube amp will produce the same power as long as it sees the expected load. So if you can add a matching cab, the power stays the same and you get about 3dB more headroom due to the increase in sensitivity.
Solid state amps often produce more power as the impedance goes down. Check the amp's specs for minimum impedance and how much power it can produce at different impedances. If the amp doubles the power when you add a matching cab you get +6dB. 3dB is due to increased sensitivity and 3dB is from doubling the power.
Many solid state amps only increase the power by about 60-70%.
Let say our amp makes 400W at 8 ohms and 60% more at 4ohms. 400 x 1.6 = 640W. Keep in mind usable power is only 600W for the cabs in our example.
Calculated SPL for two cabs at 600W = [Log(600) x 10] + 100 = ~127.8dB.
There are situations where this may not be enough headroom, but ~127.8dB is louder than I am willing to play. YYMV