I find a lot of that stuff (dillinger, battles, volta, etc.) is too crazy for me, and I don't put it into the same category as groups like Fates Warning, Porcupine Tree, etc.
Spock's Beard - Modern progressive rock/pop with a strong vintage prog element. their newest self titled record is fabulous. Other than that, V is also a stand out record, but in a very different way, since they had a major lineup change a couple of years after that record.
Pain of Salvation - Heavy prog metal with lots of different elements. These guys are truly progressive, mixing genre's and styles in a way that is very musical. Their newest (Scarsick) is great, but may take a couple of listens to get into. They have a habit of writing albums that sound great as albums, but the individual songs don't always stand up on their own for the first listen or two. "Be" is also a great record, much more composed and with a small orchestra playing along. All of their records so far are concept records, with some of them being very obvious (Be) and others you wouldn't notice until you dug a little deeper (Scarsick)
Enchant - Prog rock, not too heavy, a bit similar to Rush (but now that I've said that, you will probably say they don't sound at all alike). They write songs, and not wanky riffs. Very musical stuff, with some good playing (the bass player is very good). I don't always think of these guys as one of my favorites, but the songs get stuck in my head all of the time.
Frost - Rock with a bit of a heavy edge and a good amount of keyboards. Their first record is amazing. The second record is still pretty good, with some moments that are just perfect. Check out the first one, it is one of the best records I have heard in a long time.
Flower Kings - old school psychedelic prog. Probably not what you are looking for, but the bass player on the last 4 or 5 albums is fantastic. Space Revolver is a great record, but definitely has a strong old school influence.
O.S.I. - Heavy prog rock/metal with some electronic influences. Cool stuff, the drummer of Dream Theater, and guitarist of Fates Warning, with some electronic samples and editing from Kevin Moore, which gives it an interesting flare.
Opeth - Heavy prog metal with a sort of gothic influence. Check out Ghost Reveries as a first listen, very good songwriting, and it has less of the growly vocals than a lot of their other albums (expect about 1/3 of them to be growly). His singing is very good, though, so it kind of makes up for it.
Tiles - Harder prog rock. The bass playing with these guys is pretty good. I have some of their songs I really like, and others I can't stand. They definitely aren't super modern, but they don't have a vintage feel to them either.
Dream Theater - I don't think I need to mention these guys. I am not a huge fan of the newer stuff, although if you like heavier prog, you can't get much better in terms of flashy playing than them.
If I could suggest only three records, they would be these:
Spock's Beard - Spock's Beard
Frost - Milliontown
Pain of Salvation - Scarsick or Be (depending on if you want more heavyness or more of an orchestral feel)
