It could be done, even in analog if you really wanted that. For something like this, being perfectly on pitch is probably not as important as for a synth application, etc. and minute latency wouldn't be a problem (I assume, never having used an effect like this), so analog tachometer or PLL techniques could be used here. Connecting a clock out from one of these to any switched-cap type filter would do the trick, and there are ICs that have multiple filters controlled by a single clock.
All that said, like many complex processing types, you'd have a price vs. performance trade-off. If you needed extreme precision and speed (for example if you were using a very high-Q filter to isolate a particular harmonic from an instrument, like "overtone bass") then you'd be looking at added complexity which equals a higher price point.
I suspect this doesn't exist in hardware form and I'd be surprised to see it as a standalone unit, but I could certainly see it being added as a mode within some more general-use digital pedal. Probably not a bad idea to send an email to Source Audio as a feature request - or who knows, maybe they're already cooking something like that up?
