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I think the swamp ash sounds a bit more swampy.
Seems the biggest diff is that swamp is lighter weight and has more pronounced grain. Tonally very similar.
Swamp ash is lighter(as mentioned). I find the tone spongy and not as articulate. One of my least favorite woods.
Northern Ash is heavier and has a more punchy and snappier sound. Very pronounced lows and highs.
If you were to ask about alder I would its tone and weight right in between the two.

Scott: Much respectIt's my understanding that "Swamp Ash" was used in Fender's early days because it was cheap. Furniture and cabinet manufacturers wouldn't touch it because it was the portion of the Ash tree that was underwater. Hence, the "swamp" prefix...
I had a '63 swamp ash Tele that was the lightest weight, nicest sounding solid body guitar I'd ever had! Great pluck and snap, nice sustain... That guitar was capable of covering any style, and any sound you could ever desire from a solid body electric! Someone else thought so too, and made me an offer I couldn't refuse! Haven't had another guitar that sounded as good!
Heavy, dense northern ash has a much more percussive and bright tone than swamp ash. I hear the difference particularly in the low mids which hit much harder with hard ash.
I had a custom bass in northern ash that I loved the sound of but struggled with the weight of it. I ordered the same bass (from the same builder) with the same specs including electronics, hardware etc with the only differences being the color of the finish and the body wood changed from hard ash to swamp ash. The two sounded very different. Not that the swamp ash was bad necessarily, but it lacked the percussive, bright, naturally aggressive sound of its heavier twin.
FWIW, I had an all maple bass (different brand - this one a Carvin LB76) and it had a lot of the same tonal characteristics even without the same electronics etc. I haven't played nearly enough of the same basses with just wood changes to confidently opine on what different woods specifically do to the tone but I'm convinced that dense bodies lead to a distinctly different tone than lighter weight ones.