Yes. Some decades ago I dislocated my thumb. It finally "healed." That means I can still play, but the neck has to be the right scale length, the right nut width, the right contour, and the right thickness so the tendons from the wrist to the thumb will remain relatively relaxed. Right now, what fits me is a 1 3/4 inch nut, 33 inch scale length, moderate C profile.
Any significant deviation from these specs, including too thin a neck, will cause the top of my wrist to my thumb to cramp. Even my guitars have a 1.73 to 1.75 nut, as the "standard" 1.69 causes my thumb to close in and irritate the tendons. Yes, I can feel the difference in 1/16 inch at the nut, and it hurts. My thumb is popping even as I type this.
The current gig bass that keeps my fretting hand relaxed is an Ibanez BTB845B "solo," which I have had my luthier convert from the E-C "solo" tuning to "conventional" B-G tuning for gigging, and upgrading the Asian pickups and electronics to USA Barts and EMG preamp.
So yes, the wrong neck thickness can cause everything from missed frets to irritation to outright pain in the hand and wrist.