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You think you know music theory?

1. Could we notate that B natural as Cb?

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Typically you wouldn't.
When a composer/arranger notates, there are generally two considerations, again depending on perspective; The relation to the tonality within the underlying chordal structure, or second, the readability by the player. I'll address the one from the player's standpoint.

Single note players, as bass usually is, or like trumpet (my other major instrument) don't usually have the luxury of seeing the musical picture from the 10,000 ft overview as pianists might although having chords written in do help. As I'm sure you realize, good players read lines in "chunks" and are used to seeing FAMILIAR musical lines that they can play on autopilot. When an odd notation is introduced, such as a Cb, E#, Fb, or double sharps or flats (you get the picture) many of us have to cerebrally shift gears for a moment as we absorb what we're actually playing in that chunk. If I may speak for myself, if I saw that Cb it would probably slow down my processing. In fact, I had a piece of music on my stand the other day with a Cb and initially it slowed me down for a moment. When I played it again I had to think of it in terms of a "pseudo-transposition" to think of it as a B nat. I suppose if I were a classical pianist (or a better reader) I might be more used to these enharmonics.
JMO
 
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I promise, it's my last example with a touch of "my moral of the story".
You can notate as you wish, just have a good explanation for it.

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The latter part of the video sounded a lot like the 20th Century Music class from college. We were required to use quartal and quintal chords in an original piece, and it was pretty eye-opening.
 
Would you say the same about the next example?

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That is an enclosure: the harmonic note F is approached both from below (E) and from above by the descending line G-F#-( )-F. You're right that it might have more correct to spell it G-Gb-(E)-F, but that is not really critical here, as the spelling chosen does not prevent a clear understanding of the harmony of this line.
 
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Another day, another question.
From Bass Guitar June 2020 by Nik Preston.
Here is his example of the C Lydian Dominant mode.
My question is about that last Cb note.

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...Or it is an incomplete exercice that resolves to the b7 (Bb) on the next bar....dunno...
 
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