Short answer: No!
Sort of. There's no learning through osmosis, there's no learning without some hard work. Just like you're never going to learn to write poetry in Farsi just by listening to recordings of people speaking Farsi - devoid of any other clue as to what meaning and intent is attached to any of those sounds.
Sure, you need to hear how language sounds, but meaning has to attach itself somehow. As children we learn our native language by constant repetition of concrete examples, but as we age we have the ability to stretch our vocbulary and understanding conceptually.
So to do that with music, you need to put in some concrete work and that's ear training. Hearing, identifying and singing intervals in the first octave, intervals in the second octave (tensions), triads in open and closed position and all inversions, 4 parts open and closed in all inversions, 4 parts w/ 1 tension, 4 parts w/2 tensions. Understanding what you're hearing, that's theory. How do chords function etc.
TRANSCRIPTION - I know most folks talk about transcription as 1. ear training and 2. data mining for vocabulary. I disagree. Guys who play roundball don't just practice by playing games. There's a LOT of making left handed jump shots from outside the key, moving over a foot and doing the same thing. Sure in the game you USE all of that, but in practice, you break it down to smaller chunks and actually WORK on, for example, hearing and singing a minor 7 flat 5 chord in all inversions. So that when you hear it in a solo or line you're transcribing or hear it on the stand when you're playing you don't have to guess or think or stop and tear it apart, it's just like a STOP sign. You' don't have to determine that it's hexagon out of all possible shapes, that it's red out of all possible colors and you don't have to read and define the word that's written on it.
So there's a response to one of these ear training threads around here that I go over my teacher's methodology, it's done wonders for my playing, check it out.
As I said, most folks talk about transcribing as a way to datamine for vocabulary or ideas to play over the same or similar changes. Pretty much when they transcribe, all they're really interested in doing is getting pitches on paper (or pitches/phrases under their fingers). But the approach that my teacher takes (which is coming through the Tristano school) is that transcription is a method in which you can start practicing the fundamentals of improvisational approach, that is to say, you are to all intents and purposes doing the same thing that you do when you improvise. There are a number of threads where I outline this approach as well, the short version is that you start with the solo or line at half speed, learn to sing it with ALL the nuances, take it to full speed and sing it with ALL the nuances (phrasing, slurs, staccato, legato, ghost notes, dynamics etc etc) and THEN you pick up your instrument and just play what you are singing. and that's what you do when you improvise - you have a line in your head, in your "internal" ear that you hear with enough clarity that you play it on your instrument.