The first "distortion" I remember was the 1958 hit "Rumble" by Link Wray. He purposefully took a pencil and poked a hole in his speaker to get the distortion sound. However not bass distortion.
The first album I remember where everything was pushed in overdrive was Vincebus Eruptum (1968) by Blue Cheer:
Here's a Blue Cheer reminiscence from a guy whose band (the somewhat obscure Silver Apples) performed live on the same bill in the late '60s.
----Once, too, we were on the bill in Chicago with Blue Cheer. Blue Cheer was not only the name of a dishwashing detergent but of a particular type of acid going around at the time.
They had the reputation of being the loudest rock and roll band in the world. They had stacks of Marshall amps that lined the whole back of the stage. When we walked into the hall and saw that, we were quite impressed. After all, that was the point, I'm sure.
We were to go on after them so we set up our gear off to one side, minuscule by comparison, ran through a sound check, and then went to the dressing room. Everybody shared the same dressing room. The Blue Cheer guys were snorting speed like crazy getting ready to go on, and when they were ready, they broke out the cotton balls and started stuffing their ears with great wads of the stuff, using pencils to pack it in. Danny and Barry and I gave each other the silent signal that meant, this is gonna be good, lets go watch, so we crawled under the curtains and hid behind the stacks of Marshalls.
They lit into their first number, which sounded like a tornado had hit the building, and Danny crawled over to where he could see the drummer. He started laughing and waved me over. I crawled over and stuck my head around the corner of a stack and we could see him in profile. It was easy to read his lips, even though it was impossible to hear him over the roar. You couldn't even hear the PA system for that matter. He was screaming at the top of his lungs "Turn it the shag down you stupid shitheads! I told I was quittin' if you did this again! I quit! You stupid shagheads! You hear me? I quit!!!"
That was from
this interview. There are a few diehard archivists of such ephemera on Talkbass who might be willing to read the whole thing. (I did.)
For those interested, here's Silver Apples' best-known song. ("Made the top 10 in Philadelphia!," Simeon of Silver Apples said later in the interview. Simeon played a home-made synthesizer that he cobbled together from WWII surplus oscillators and filters; Danny played a gigantic drum kit that he had pieced together before any of the prog rock guys started doing that.)