I am sure Fodera gets several customers each year (or even each month) who go to them because they perceive them to be the most expensive basses and therefore the best. But that's true with cars, watches, knives, bicycles, coffee grinders, hell even homebrewing equipment.
But by and large, bassists buy Foderas because they are fantastic instruments.
Speaking from someone who works, and lives in NYC, it is not cheap. I applaud them for paying their employees a livable wage with health benefits. Granted, it would be easier if they just move to a shop in the mountains like Smith and Tobias, but that is something they don't want nor have to do.
Yes, Fodera and Sadowsky would have much, much lower overhead costs if rather than NYC (Brooklyn & Long Island respectively) they were based somewhere more remote. But the often overlooked flip side to that is that is that they also wouldn't have the same access to world class players and the invaluable feedback they provide. While appealing to different markets (broadly speaking that's jazz guys for Fodera and rock/pop for Sadowsky) they both greatly benefit from the symbiotic relationships they have with gigging and recording bassists.
That said, it is not opinion to state that at least a few of the boutique builders mentioned in this thread as being "equivalent" to Fodera in fact do not produce as wide a variety of builds on a regular basis. They are predominantly bolt-on construction, and some only do 4 and 5-string variants of a bolt-on. Nothing inherently wrong with that, but is is another factor that plays into the equation.
With Roscoe, Sadowsky, MTD, you do not see a variety of single-cutaway, double-cutaway, bolt-on, dovetail, neck-through, 4, 5, 6-string, etc. Again, I'm not claiming that is better or worse, but it certainly is a point of differentiation. That is a tangible difference.
Definitely a point of differentiation as well as one of branding.
Fodera certainly offers more options to their customers in an attempt to craft the individual instrument they want. And while MTD and Sadowsky aren't inflexible, they certainly follow a more strict recipe with their instruments. The tradeoff is a much more signature tone vs the flexibility that Fodera offers.
As you said, not better or worse but a choice that those builders have made.
+1 Just using those names as examples. Carey Nordstrand, Pete Skjold, Stambaugh, etc. offer most or all the options you mention.
I'm an unabashed Stambaugh fan but I think I can objectively say that no builder takes on as many varied projects as Chris. He's told me that he thinks his willingness to do so many different types of builds is what has kept him in business when times get lean. But as I mentioned above, the trade off is that there is no specific idea of what a Stambaugh bass (or guitar) is.
All of these things are trade offs. And as interesting as these types of conversations are, at the end of the day all that really matters is that builders can produce enough instruments and sell them at prices that let them stay afloat in a business that has very small margins.
That last bit is pretty much universally true by the way. I think people (even those that express the most outrage at their prices) would be surprised to see the end of year profits for Fodera. Nobody builds boutique basses to get rich. They do it because they have a passion and a skillset for it.
Whether their products are "worth it" to you is something each consumer has to decide.