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Is it too early for vodka?

Pie_man: Drinking alcohol such as beer, wine, even a long drink alone is not wrong. Drinking straight vodka alone is wrong in the sense you only get stoned instead of enjoying it together with friends; and some perceive it as the road to alcoholism.

Since I was 18, I tried making vodka for my own use (of course, illegal activity). Then I started studying chemical engineering, and my expertise grew. Later, I was just interested and really know my vodka, although I do not make it since 1985 ;-) So, let me tell you what vodka is all about, comprehensively ;)

Comprehensive Bassist's Guide to Alcohol Making
All generic alcoholic beverages are made by fermentation of sugars with yeast. The raw material and the process conditions affect the chemical composition of the product. This is why lager beer and real ale are so different, both being beers.

Any fermentation product includes:
-- Extreme low-end (like subsonic frequencies ;) ), that is, solids, that are filtered out
-- Low-ends (bass), which is fusel oil and like components
-- Low-mid, that is, water
-- Hi-mid, that is ethyl alcohol or ethanol
-- Treble, that are different ethers and esters
-- Overtones, complex chemicals defining the flavor
All of us, as bassists, now understand the composition of fermentation broth, right?

Let us ignore beer and wine now, as these are just filtered broth, with soda (beer) or with vintage overtones (wine).

At some point in history, the Arab nation had great civilization. They used to make the best steel in the world. They had the best doctors, such as the guy called Avicenna. They had great mathematician Algorithmus who invented algebra. They had great chemists and of course alchemists ;) Some smart guy there invented alembic (a-ha!) Of course not that bass guitar, but a simple distillation rig. He found out that alcohol boils more readily than water, and he called the fortified product alcohol.

Then, for many hundred years, North European nations mimicked the alembic concept with kettle distillation. The resulting product was highly impure (all tonal ranges were there), the liquid was gray, white smoke coloured, and terribly bad. For that reason, siwucha, eau de vie, aqua vita was sold to peasants and also drunk by poor gentry.

The name of vodka is Polish (wódka means "little water") and it was adopted first by the Russians.

I will put whisky and cognac and even rum aside -- these beverages, although all of them originally made by kettle distillation -- differ from vodka starting from raw material, preparation, fermentation and finishing/maturing.

The breakthrough happened in 19th century in Russia. The rectification (multiple distillation in a single apparatus) was already well known. The main contributor to modern vodka was Russian chemist Dmitry Mendeleev (the same who invented the periodical chart of elements). Mendeleev was made a director of Imperial vodka monopole in Russia and made a lot of studies on alcohol. He for example found that the taste of 38 vol % (76 proof) vodka was the best, but since he knew that excise taxing of 40% (80 proof) vodka would be easier, he decided that all commercially made vodka should be 40% vol. Russia became a world leader in vodka manufacture at that time. Since larger part of Poland was part of the Russian Empire at that time, Poland got on vodka making, too.

IIRC, at the end of 19th century, a smart Swedish guy got brilliant idea to make very clean (sterile!) alcohol, market it smartly in pharmacy bottles, and outwit the government in the tax matters. This was the beginning of Absolut vodka.

Now: Why are straight (clear) vodkas so different between each other? Vodka can be made from anything containing sugars: Mashed potato, grain, table sugar, even of bread crumbs. The fermented broth contains wide spectrum of "tones". Sugar fermentation produces no methanol at all (and methanol is poisonous). Grain fermentation makes relatively small amount of unwanted "tone". Fermented potato produces significant traces of methanol that has to be thoroughly removed.

Next step, distillation is really complex. The manufacturer has to recover as much of alcohol as possible to avoid profit losses. Low-ends are real vice, so the "basses" are rolled off completely. High-ends contribute to unpleasant smell, and these are also hangover promoters, so they are cut as much as possible. Still, high-end traces remain making different vodkas taste differently. Charcoal filtration removes some remaining "overtones". Finally, rectified spirits are diluted with water and... here is the culprit. Water itself is not clean (minerals, impurity traces) and it affects the smell and taste of vodka dramatically. I have a feeling that Absolut is made with distilled water, explaining the vodka's sterile taste ;)

Now, if I were making long drinks, I would go for Absolut. You can drink A LOT of Absolut without side-effects. But Absolut is sterile, not really good for straight drinking. (Did you know that pure ethanol had very pleasant, ether-quality smell?)

Other vodkas have specific taste and smell. When I drink the straight vodka, I just pour the contents of the glass straight in my throat. Yet, good vodka can be really tasted. When I need to sing and have some throat problem, I actually wash my throat with symbolic amount of good vodka, no jokes!
If I want to show to my friends how hardcore I am, I pour quite large portion of vodka into a glass, and drink very slowly, looking intensely in friends' eyes ;)) And I do not drink any soft drink afterwards (It is normal to drink some coke or fruit juice) The point is, with very good cold vodka you can do it, but many people are convinced vodka is the vice and you have to "kill the enemy" by drinking it fast ;)

To make the end: I do not drink clean vodka alone; and I do not know anybody else doing it, except alcohol-addicts ;)
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Ziltoid, I will write the tutorial later ;)))
 
Absolut is at 25$/750ML in Quebec (10min drive) and 30 or so locally plus tax. I mention Quebec price because it's nearly half price to buy the beer there and the difference is big for some stronger alcohol sometimes, not for vodka tho. (And that I'm legal to buy alcohol in Quebec and not here)

edit: belvedere is 44$/750 (Qc) and 50$/750 here.
 
Ziltoid! You have to watch this vid!

You'll see Polish college students. The lyrics are:
"Cheap wine is good 'cause it's good
AND CHEAP
We are drinking it all the time
Cheap wine is good 'cause it's good and cheap
We cannot afford any other wine!

Once I went with my buddy to a pub
I tell the waitress: Three beers
And she says: Fourteen zloty, please
Oh my God, I don't have so much!
So cheap wine is good 'cause it's cheap and good..."
;)

Some cult song here ;)

"Cheap wine" is a mix of alcohol with some artificial flavouring and artificial juice ;)
----
Going on with the tutorial!
"
 
CAVEAT EMPTOR: Making unlicensed vodka is illegal in your country and it is subject to punishment by your Government. DO NOT MAKE IT YOURSELF AT HOME! The following material is for scientific/education purposes only.

The Bassist's Guide to Making Illegal Vodka, Part II

How they do it at The Eastern Wall
There's a strip of land along the Bug River, bordering Poland with Belarus. Underdeveloped rural area, few roads, a lot of forest. This area is called The Eastern Wall. (Part of Eastern Wall borders with Lithuania, and another part borders with Ukraine).
You'll find no gas station in the area - all fuel is trafficked from Belarus. You cannot buy cigarettes at shop -- all cigs are smuggled from Belarus. And hooch/moonshine vodka is serious industry there. Although completely illegal, the size of the industry made the local authorities close their eye. At some local fairs, you can even buy "Moonshine Vodka" labelled "Regional product". This is completely unpalatable - a bottle in my refrigerator and nobody wants to drink it. But the stuff made for own use by farmers is.... interesting ;)

The people there make their vodka from different material, but mostly from potato. Every farmer has a steamer (sort of furnace in which potatoes undergo "steam explosion" - this is a technical term), since steamed potatoes are good as fodder for pigs. Likewise, a farmer does steam explosion of potatoes, dilutes the stuff with water and makes it ferment with yeast.
The distillation rig is usually set up deep in the forest. A large kettle (often made of milk canister) is filled up with the fermented broth, put on bonfire to boil (all is wood fueled). The vapor is condensed in air-cooler and collected in large metal milk cans. The air-cooler is very important. The best known is a radiator of a fridge, located at angle down to allow the condensate flow. The radiator has large heat exchange area; and running water for cooling is unavailable in the forest ;-)

According to the theory of batch distillation, the first portion of the distillate is highly concentrated alcohol, but unfortunately, lot of high-ends pass, too. This fraction is either rejected or added to the tourist stuff ;-) [Remember, potato fermented broth contains methanol, and other unpleasant light-ends; the sugar byproduct contains "fine" light-ends, good for human].
Then, strong alcohol is distilled, and over the time, the alcohol concentration goes down. Low-ends pass heavily at this late stage, because low-ends (let me not explain that) are easier boiling than water.
So, the farmer collects the weak distillate to a separate can, and this can be added to to next charge of distillation. The pot remain is thrown away, even if it still contains considerable mass of alcohol (but kettle distillation is poor separation technique).

All in all, the farmer can, by series of distillation, get perfect fraction for him and his friends, the second grade stuff for neighbours that do not care, and perhaps worst grade for tourists :)

How it was made in cities?
Yes, under communist rule, some town inhabitants used to make their own vodka, too. The problem was terrible smell, since the broth itself has bad smell, but when being distilled, the smell is just terrific. Hooch making was severely prosecuted, and a jealous neighbour could give you up.

My first attempt was at age of 18. The basic proportions for broth are 1 kilogram of sugar, 4 liters of water, and 100 grams of yeast. Phosphates are recommended, small amount of ammonium monophosphate makes the yeast grow well (this provides necessary nitrogen and phosphorus to yeast). My own recipe was slightly different, better engineered ;) There's a hydraulic closure of the glass fermentation vessel made of glass tube filled with water (a syphon). Provided warm conditions, fermentation takes 3 days maybe (you decide when to stop it, by observing the rate of CO2 leaving the vessel through the hydraulic closure).

First attempt was to filter the broth and drink it... I don't recommend drinking fermented broth to anybody ;-) All the poisons present in the broth make you very sad, with some darkness in front of your eyes and terrible headache ;) Having the broth, I listened to The Wall by Pink Floyd, then I bought the first acoustic guitar from my buddy -- a sideline before you get asleep reading all of that ;))

However, sugar fermentation is fantastic: It occurs readily and there is no methanol in the fermented broth AT ALL.

Next attempt, in December 1980, was to make more fermentation with my pals, then we made the first kettle distillation rig. I think the kettle was a large teapot connected to a laboratory-grade water-cooler, and I think the connection was sealed with dentist grade gypsum ;)
As smart guy, I collected the best fraction for me and my best friend, and we let the worse fraction to two other friends.
But it was not enough! I tried "freeze-fractionation" on our stuff. The winter was very cold, -20 to -25 C. So I poured the distillate to a metal basin and onto the balcony. Some water froze out and resulting stuff was unbelievably strong. (Freeze technique is technically as bad as kettle distillation - making you lose a lot of alcohol frozen out with ice, and all impurities remain in vodka). We diluted the spirits with grapefruit juice and went to the party. The party was one of the most crazy I ever had... and the liquor was just terrible, but very strong.

How aspiring chemical engineer was making it
Attending physical chemistry courses and then chemical engineering lectures gave me sound understanding of fractionation technique. The rig you could see in the picture before was real fractionation rig. How was it made?

It was fairly easy to buy all-glass lab equipment. Or, even order it at University's glass-blower. The chemist's flask was heated up at a kitchen-range (If I had more money, I'd buy electrical lab heater for flasks). The key was the distillation column. A vertical glass tube was filled with packing made of "single twist Fenske spirals". To make spirals, I had to make a small device: A thin (2 or 3 mm diameter) metal cylinder was made to rotate by a tiny electric motor; I was winding up a coil of copper wire with that. I cut the coil with scissors lengthwise. The coil was disintegrating into big number of single-twist spirals. Doing that many times, I produced quite large volume of the packing. The glass tube was packed with it. (Single-twist Fenske spirals are one of the most effective distillation packings known to the human race :) )

The glass column was thermally insulated with asbestos cord to improve the efficiency.

To make the column a real fractionator, you have to provide so-called reflux, a continuous stream of distilled liquid flowing from the top of the column in countercurrent with distilled vapor. Mass and heat transfer inside the column make it multiple-distillation device in one apparatus.

Finally, the collected vapor was condensed by a (running -water) cooler, and condensate was collected.

The start-up: Make regular moderate boiling in the flask. Collect all the condensate and reflux it ALL to the column. The right operating condition is when the reflux can flow freely down and the vapor can easily travel upwards. Excessive heating causes the column "flood", that is, no downwards flow is possible and the apparatus cannot work.
This start-up technique is called "total reflux".

Once the system seems to be stable, that is, you reflux as much of distillate as you make, the reflux rate is to be diminished. Now, back to theory:
The constant purity rectification resulting in highly concentrated spirits is only possible with variable reflux. In the beginning, the "reflux ratio", that is, what you reflux divided by what you collect as distillate can be fairy low. With time, the distillate tends to be weaker and weaker, so more material needs to be refluxed. At some point, as much of the material is distilled as much it needs to be refluxed. It means that we have reached "total reflux" again, and no more spirits can be distilled at this high concentration.

Now, the column in the picture was equivalent to only 6 theoretical separation stages (industrial main column has 40 stages). So I had to clean the flask, pour all the distillate back into the flask and repeat the process, to effectively use 12 stages. I can tell you, at the second batch, all fusel oil got separated!

(A serious engineer would control reflux rate with a thermometer. Constant temperature at the column top means constant purity, and you can precisely tell the product concentration).

The result? White rum. Exactly. Made of sugar, heavy-ends rolled-off, light-ends in the spirits. I only had to dilute the spirits with water and add some caramel.
It was fantastic vodka. No heavies, and the light-ends made everybody feel good and laugh ;)))

True fact: I invested much more in it than I got in return ;) It was purely a scientific study, trust me ;)
--------
I owe you an anecdote and trust me, this is weird but true.
-- First night I made the fractionation, I heard on the radio that the Soviet leader Yury Andropov had just died.
-- Next fractionation was more than a year later. On the night of my fractionation, the Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko had died...
-- I had not attempted it for the third time ;) ;) ;)
 
wow, this is either the third, or fourth, alcohol making tutorial I have so far - I've already got 2 on beer - one for ale and one for lager -, 1 on making wine from my boss (I work on a vineyard), and now I know how vodka is made. Thanks a lot antekstalich, it was a surprisingly really interesting read.
 
I'm going to try this sometime, research purposes :ninja: Like the time I made my own KCLO3 for homemade firecrackers :)

lol XP

I think it would be a good idea to check out the local laws/bylaws surrounding this stuff to make sure it's okay, because I know that homebrewing beer and wine is legal in Canada, or at least ontario - it's even a good way to bypass a lot of the taxes our beer and wine go through, but I'm not quite sure about this stuff, and I'm not sure that brewing beer or wine are legal in your area.
 
It's always a good time to drink Vodka, because if you're drinking your Vodka, you're not drinking my Scotch. :)

Repeated experience has taught me that the only way to survive vodka binges with my Russian friends is to go armed with a couple of bottles of single malt and insist that half the matches are played on my home turf...

For the DIYer, my local brewshop (no affiliation, nice but weird guys) has this: Link Removed. They suggest it as suitable for making distilled water.
 
I'm going to try this sometime, research purposes :ninja: Like the time I made my own KCLO3 for homemade firecrackers :)

Ah, potassium chlorate, with sugar maybe? ;)
I'll tell you Ziltoid what you shall NOT do, under any circumstances:
-- You shall NOT mix potassium hypermanganate with aluminum powder
-- You shall NOT pour that mix in a thin-walled metal tube
-- You shall NOT enclose the tube by rolling both ends of it
-- Under NO circumstance shall you bore a hole in the tube
-- And you are FORBIDDEN to put slow-fuse into that
-- Even do NOT ever try to light the slow-fuse!

This game used to be popular for Easter here. But I had seen a boy, an idiot indeed, who tried to light the explosive by a match in case the slow-fuse did not work... He was lucky not to lose his eyes....
---------
You shall NOT spread flour powder in the air in your kitchen and light a match. One boy made it, windows of the kitchen blown up.
---------
You might, but under conditions of making it in micro-scale, mix a small amount of ammonia water with iodine solution. A navy blue/black powder will sediment (NI3). As long as it is wet, no danger. Spreading the wet powder on a pavement, letting it dry out and observing pedestrians shaking from micro explosions under their feet is a lot of fun, BUT THE INVENTOR DID IT ON LARGE SCALE AND LOST TWO FINGERS.
---------
You will NOT throw a lit magnesium tape into boiling water. Please, do not ;) Or, have fire-brigade handy ;))))
---------
Avoid mixing iron rust with magnesium powder and lighting it up with magnesium tape. I did it once and had 3000 C in my hands ;))) The stuff was used in bombs and it cannot be extinguished at all. Called "Thermite" ;))))
---------
The alcohol stuff seems to be the safest, compared to the above ;))))))))))
 
Ah, potassium chlorate, with sugar maybe? ;)

Great stuff ... after it burns everything smells of toffee :hyper:

I was going to add a "do not" involving glycerol and fuming nitric acid but thought better of it.

Avoid mixing iron rust with magnesium powder and lighting it up with magnesium tape. I did it once and had 3000 C in my hands ;))) The stuff was used in bombs and it cannot be extinguished at all. Called "termite" ;))))

 
I was going to add a "do not" involving glycerol and fuming nitric acid but thought better of it.
I will not mention the third necessary component, just in case ;)))

Indeed, I had been nitrating benzene in the lab. My bad luck was I hadn't fixed the rig sufficiently. At some moment, the contents of the flask full of boiling benzene and acids was on my clothes and body. I knew the rule "DO NOT RUN", so I walked to the emergency shower. No problem with the body, but my clothes... disappeared. I was going back home by bus only wearing... a lab apron ;)))

The vid shows using Thermite in big quantity. My heat-resistant vessel was very small. Still, it was white light so strong, that I could see my hands' bones as in an X-ray. It lasted a fraction of a second and I dropped Thermite onto the floor. Indeed, molten iron is created in the reaction.
---------
UncleFluffy, you had your word on your Scotch. The worst drinking I ever had was drinking of Scotch when I was a young student ;-) It's enough to say, I let my hair paint pink, I let my acoustic guitar (natural finish) be irreversibly painted black, hard time in the toilet, washing my hair under the tap, and so strong hangover the morning after that I HAD TO start learning to my exams, because it was the only thing I could do to forget my suffering ;)

Whisky is made in art-technology really. But it contains too much purposely left impurities to agree with me ;)
 
Already made pipe bombs
Did not/will not do the flour thing.
Already had my fair share of fun with NI3.
Ah magnesium tape...my favorite fuse
Iron rust works well with aluminum dust to, not only magnesium :)

We (me a friend and the lab supervisor) just made so much mixes and explosions it's crazy (I was in chemistry last year).

Potassium permanganate with with various metal powders, NI3, different varieties of thermites, flash powders, bromine and alu, smoke bombs, tinted smoke bombs,iodine and alu, otassium permanganate glycerin/water, ammonium nitrate and zinc and acid water, elephant toothpaste, phosphor fire crackers, hydrogene caned "bombs", and many mores.

At the beginning we used Mg ribbon to light those but after a while we concluded it was a bit too dangerous and moved onto KCLO3 mixed with sugar that you pour acid on top, much safer considering the length of the pipette.

We destroyed some huts.. :ninja:

edit: add "do not" everywhere
 
Already made pipe bombs
Did not/will not do the flour thing.
Already had my fair share of fun with NI3.
Ah magnesium tape...my favorite fuse
Iron rust works well with aluminum dust to, not only magnesium :)

We (me a friend and the lab supervisor) just made so much mixes and explosions it's crazy (I was in chemistry last year).

Potassium permanganate with with various metal powders, NI3, different varieties of thermites, flash powders, bromine and alu, smoke bombs, tinted smoke bombs,iodine and alu, otassium permanganate glycerin/water, ammonium nitrate and zinc and acid water, elephant toothpaste, phosphor fire crackers, hydrogene caned "bombs", and many mores.

At the beginning we used Mg ribbon to light those but after a while we concluded it was a bit too dangerous and moved onto KCLO3 mixed with sugar that you pour acid on top, much safer considering the length of the pipette.

We destroyed some huts.. :ninja:
I like your spirit!
It seems you have already tried all of that. ;)
Shame on me, it is permanganate not hypermanganate, you're right!


HAVE YOU TRIED ALUMINUM, SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND A FUSE?! ;))))))

Sorry, I could not resist...
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By Andrzej Mleczko