Amps are power rated at very low distortion. If you push an amp to clipping you can easily get two to four times its rated power from it. Also, speaker power ratings are thermal, how much it will take before the voice coil melts. The displacement limit, how much it will take before mechanical damage, can be half the thermal rating. The symptom you describe is probably mechanical damage, because with a thermal failure the speaker will stop working entirely. It sounds to me like you were trying to get out of your one twelve what you probably needed two fifteens to deliver without damaging them.
I just did a quick software modeling of the 2512 in a 2.5 cu ft cab. With the port size you have its tuned to about 35 hz, and the displacement limited power is 80 watts. Did you software model the speaker? If you had you'd have known its limitations.