mostly wondering what people do to get a functional tone for chords
You may be fighting acoustic physics
If you are not talking about arpeggios but chords
Realize that bass chords
are going to be mud (mud you can't hear unamplified)
unless you play higher up the neck or use very sparse , open voicings
If you strum GBD starting on the E string , 3rd fret it will most definitely be mud
EQ ain't gonna fix it without getting too extreme
Human ears do not separate those lower tones well (it's not normal
homo sapiens speech range)
the same pitches clustered on a piano will be similarly muddy
If you do so on the 15th fret the chord will sound more clearly
because the human ears is more sensitive to pitch subtleties in those ranges
The same phenomena may impact how your arpeggios sound
You can also drop some notes and open up the voicings
instead of GBE on the E/A/D string you can play G on the E string and B an octave up on the G string
- a 10th interval. 10ths sound great all over the neck
when you have an instrument that goes as low as a bass you have to choose voicings wisely.
A final thought:
On a bass, we don't learn chord and arpeggio shapes for the purpose of playign chords and arpeggios:
we learn them to build our mental map of where those chord tones are on the neck
so that we can
sequentially navigate between them with style and rhythm