I've done it, heck, probably everyone has. Check your tuner and see if it looks like it is deflected in any way. Mostly you're just double checking that it didn't get pulled to an extreme angle as a result of over tensioning. If the little screws that hold it onto the headstock are where they are supposed to be, and don't look like they were partially uprooted or anything you are probably just fine. Also, it's pretty unlikely that this happened. Next thing to check is that the post the string wraps around looks straight, as compared to the others. It should, because, my money says you didn't hurt your bass. Check the nut. the part at the very end of your neck where the fretboard starts. The string goes thru it like a little channel or something. If that is intact and not cracked or anything, you (again) should be fine. Last thing. Tune the string in question with a good bass guitar, tuner to open and then play the same string at the 12th fret. If you have a polytune pedal, or a turbo tuner, korg pitchblack, TU-3, etc. that would be best. If they both are spot on (or at least reasonably close) You are golden.
You didn't hear a loud crack or anything that sounded like the neck splitting did you? Kidding... Probably...
Hope this helps!!