Did you read my posts? I'm sorry, maybe I wasn't articulate or specific enough for you, and I'll admit a lot of benefits certainly are not currently know until they actually happen, however I'll try my best to spell a few out for you:
There is one big one that essentially leads to all others, cost. Getting a satellite, a person, a piece of machinery into space would be approximately 1% of the current cost. 100 times cheaper. Think of absolutely anything and everything to do with space, and think that it is 100 times more accessible, 100 times cheaper, 100 times more likely and 100 times more achievable.
Currently the only people who can afford to get a satellite up in space to provide a service (mobile phone service, cable TV, other communications networks, satellite imagery) are massive billion dollar corporations who in turn, pass on these massive costs to anyone wanting to use their infrastructure.
Currently, conducting an experiment in microgravity, or in any of the other extreme conditions provided by space, you are looking at spending ludicrous amounts of money. A space elevator would open up these possibilities to thousands of organisations who don't have the influence nor the funding to do so currently. What benefits could come from this exactly, who knows, until people start conducting experiments we won't find out. One thing is for certain, and that is that having extraterrestrial labs available will open up thousands of possibilities for science and technology that will not be realised in any other way, and until we do it we really have no way of knowing what they'll be.
People in space need food, they need water, they need oxygen, and to a certain degree they need access to the emergency facilities we have present on earth. The ability to transport these supplies, as well as personnel and equipment up and down at a vastly reduced cost would allow people doing anything in space to stay there longer, in greater comfort, and be far safer up there. Not only is launching space shuttles hugely expensive, it is also very complicated and very dangerous. In the event of an emergency, getting people safely from a space station etc. is set to be one hell of a rescue mission. With a permanent link between space and the earth, this would be so much safer it's not even funny.
Space based industry. The ability to transport large items etc. to and from earth would be hugely beneficial. There are materials that can be constructed in microgravity, or the vacuum of space, that cannot be done here on earth. Alloys that could change the world, that could be lighter, stronger, more cost effective than anything we can currently produce here on earth. Production of dangerous goods can be done in an environment where there are not going to be negative side effects like there are here on Earth (Radiation, pollution). We can harvest raw materials, rare minerals, even potentially things that don't exist on earth from asteroids and other space bodies, process them in space and then use them back on earth. And we could build a solar power plant the likes of which has never been seen before, a huge expanse of panels that would always be exposed to the sun, we could power the whole planet from space.
There is a whole universe out there to explore, to experience, to discover. Hundreds upon thousands of planets and stars. I believe any step we take towards them is one in the right direction. Also, what contingency plan to we have in the case of a worldwide disaster, do we just lay down and die? I believe humans have so much potential to be so much more, and all we have to do is now blow ourselves up and with any luck start getting out there amongst the universe.
I believe 10 years to be an unrealistic timeframe by the way, and I see very little benefit to constructing a lunar elevator until we've built one on earth (it would be a good experiment, but flying the materials up there in the conventional fashion would be insanely expensive and somewhat back-assward imo). I anticipate the timeframe to be more like 50 years, ideally I'd hope to see construction start within 20, but I don't see it happening.