I truly understand your issue. I think one approach is to use the notes you do know to learn the other notes. I'm pretty certain, as a guitar player, you know all the bar chords with the E shape (F major on the first fret) all the way down the neck, probably to C or even D (E string 10th fret). The octave is of course two strings toward the treble side and two frets toward the bridge. Use octaves to learn from E string and A string (A shape/Bb 1st fret). Start with this.I know what to do in the next weeks and XMas HolydaysBeen playing for 5 years (notation reading quite good, chords theory, etc…) but I freaking don’t know my notes past the 5th fret… and only realize I hit a bad note past that when my ears tells me it doesn’t fit! Must learn my notes on the fretboard, must learn my notes on the fret board, must…
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Next suggestion... Get yourself some stick-on dots. I use glow-in-the-dark dots because I do shows where I might be playing in pitch black. But you can do the same and put dots on certain frets where your confused and mark the notes until you know where they are. There is no harm in putting 4 dots on a single fret area and mark the notes on the dots from 4th string to 1st. This will help you find the best note fingering for passages. As a personal example, in a recent show I had a fast Latin lick that at first I read it in 1st position with 3rd finger starting on 3rd fret C. But after practice I found it much less clumsy to be in 5th position starting on C with 4th finger on E string/8th fret. Over time you'll start seeing the fingerboard more strategically. But first you must learn the entire board to the 12th fret. 12 and beyond is just a repeat from the 1st fret.
Last suggestion... Start practicing basic scales slowly, starting at 4th or 5th position and say each note as you play them. If you don't know the note immediately, just stop there and figure it out. Repeat if you get stalled. Then move up each half step up the fingerboard, saying each note. We bass players tend to think in patterns rather than notes as we probably should be thinking both simultaneously instead of going brain dead (which I do sometimes). It's all just diligence and repetition.
Good luck.
P.S. I love the enlarged glow dots. FWIW, half-moon dot is 7th fret and double small dots- 12th fret. Cheats are fair game.