Just some quick notes on this as someone who wanted a wide-grain power tube distortion at low volume. I was essentially chasing Al Cisneros' tone on the first few Om records without buying multiple Matamp heads or needing to play at planet-smashing volumes. All I found was that any shortcut will negatively affect your tone.
- most attenuators suck. Sure, they let you crank your tube amp at bedroom volumes, but they also kill all the richness of the distortion. To be fair, I haven't tried some of the truly expensive units that also act as speaker simulators like the Palmer units, but all the <$500 ones I tried were tone sucks. This includes the Rivera, Mesa, Dr. Z and Marshall variations.
- the reason I think they suck is that they just can't replicate the reactive loading of a speaker being pushed hard, and so don't get all that cool note 'bloom' that makes loud tubes sound so good. Weber has tried to address this by putting a speaker motor in their attenuators, and while it is definitely the best I've heard, it's still not transparent.
- well designed iso-cabs are a great solution for guitar, but I have yet to see one that works well for bass. Doesn't mean they don't exist, though...
- the closest I came to a satisfying low-volume power tube distortion is the SWR Interstellar Overdrive preamp. It uses a 12AX7 preamp and two EL84 power tubes to make a 5 W amp that you can tap into. It works best run through a speaker for the reasons listed above (there's a resistor inside, but again, without a speaker, the tone is lifeless). 5 W gets surprisingly loud, but it's still somehat sociable.
- don't underestimate the importance of string interaction with the amp. Playing in front of a loud amp messes with the strings in all sorts of cool ways, and ultimately results in my favourite tube distortion tones