The “ADSR” shapes have different preset values for A, D and S and the “speed” knob allows adjustment of either Attack, decay or attack-and-decay within a limited range. For example, the “swell” setting has a relatively long attack time.
A few of the settings have a slightly different sustain setting but most of them still end up being quite close to 0, with the effect that the filter cutoff always comes to rest close to or at the same point specified by the “frequency” knob.
I would have preferred independent knobs for A, D and S and still wonder if a “user” mode could be added (much like the modes in the sequencer where several are preset but one is fully adjustable) in which there are separate, independent controls for those three envelope stages. Or at the very least, a filter envelope sustain control.
You basically have to use your ears to hear how the shapes differ. There is a bit of overlap between shapes on one or more stages.
If I recall correctly,
@rsmith601 posted a table that Bob Chidlaw had put together which showed the various values and ranges for the different envelope settings. It was posted either here or in the C4 thread (possibly here or on the Gear Page). Perhaps he’d be able to link to it or repost it for your benefit.