Everything is very interdependent so there will be changes, though some may be subtle. If the filter is relatively closed then changing a setting which adds high frequency content to the signal going into the filter may not be heard. You also need to make sure the envelope you're adjusting is actually controlling something at that point.
I've just created a patch template which should make things easier to learn. It can be found here:
Neuro Community by Source Audio
In this I have created a relatively simple setup from which you can explore various things. I've set it up to use only a single processor and a single 4-pole lowpass filter. Distortion is disabled.
For the square and saw waves, I have used a simple "snappy" envelope shape on envelope 1 which gets the closest to a simple on/off "keyboard gate"-style envelope.
For the purposes of this,
do not touch the envelope 1 settings at all.
Voice 1 is just dry input routed to the filter, controlled by envelope 2.
Voice 2 is a saw wave routed to the filter, controlled by envelope 2.
Voice 3 is a square wave routed to the filter, controlled by envelope 2.
Voice 4 is a sine wave routed directly out (not to the filter). Instead the FM amount from sine wave 2 (not visible) is controlled by envelope 2. The reason for this is that the modulation contour will behave the same as the other voices, even though it is controlling a different parameter. It will still give the illusion of a filter opening and closing as the altering FM amount first adds, then subtracts higher frequencies.
When you first load the patch, only voice 1 is active.
First play around with the envelope 2 speed and sensitivity and switch between voices 1-4 individually to hear how it affects them.
Then for voices 1-3, start playing with the filter 1 depth, frequency and Q settings, as well as the filter pitch track options to hear their effects.
For voice 4, play around with the FM knob.
That should be enough to get you started. I might add more at a later date to cover the LFO and how changing the oscillator pitch relationships affects the sound of voice 4 when using FM.
Hope that is helpful.